Loneliness sadness depression mental health painting fantasy surreal illustration. Graphic drawing. Charlotte Kestner born: Buff, - Illustration of a Hugo Grotius was a Dutch jurist. Voltaire - , one of the most widely read and influential writers of the French and European Enlightenment.
Conceptual art, surreal painting, A woman with stairs in the sky, cloud painting, success choice change hope heaven ambition and dream concept, 3d illustration. Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock , German poet. He was a prominent representative of the German Enlightenment.
Wood engraving after a painting by Anton Graff Swiss painter, - in the Leipzig University Library, Germany, published in Illustration of a Friedrich Maximilian Klinger , German poet.
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Surreal art, brain hope success freedom mental health psychology The Creation of Eve. Imagination of brain. Friendship, Boy riding giant fish in fantasy landscape. Watercolor painting harmony between body and soul. Hugo Grotius , Dutch philosopher. Japanese calligraphy scene. Antique photo of paintings: Jesus appearance. Jean-Jacques Rousseau , Genevan philosopher, steel Alexander Pope , English poet, steel engraving, Graphic drawing telepathy. Imagination concepts.
Watercolor painting beautiful woman with flowers. Ideas of liberty, reason and religious tolerance traversed Europe, creating social upheaval, revolution and change.
At the foundation of this transformation lay the ideas and practises of a few incredibly influential figures, who would each in their own way truly change the world and the way in which people viewed it.
Sir Francis Bacon was an eminent philosopher, statesman and scientist. While he did not personally make any major scientific discoveries, he became known for laying down the practical methods of scientific investigation based on observation and reason as a means of reaching a logical conclusion. Through this approach, science could be utilized as a tool to better humankind by expanding common knowledge of the world.
Locke was one of the most influential philosophers of the Enlightenment, who focused specifically on how systems of governments could be formed. In his Two Treatises of Government he heralded the idea of a representative government that would best serve all the people. This was because his work was based fundamentally on the theory of rights — the belief that men are free and equal by nature, against claims that God had made all people naturally subject to a monarch.
In order to develop and become enlightened humans needed to view themselves as ignoramuses , void of any inherent knowledge, obligation or servitude. While most monarchs feared the Enlightenment, as it challenged their authority and divine right to rule, Frederick the Great of Prussia truly embraced it.
Having said this, Frederick the Great was, simultaneously, an extremely aggressive military leader who transformed Prussia from a small backwater state into a major European power house. During his life Voltaire was a superstar of the Enlightenment. He was famous for his wit as well as his attacks on the Church and advocacy of freedom of religion, expression and the separation of Church and State.
He was a brilliant writer and produced works in just about every genre, including a very early science fiction story called Micromegas , in which ambassadors arrived from another planet to witness the folly of mankind. This was enough to make him a marked man in France and he spent much of his time abroad, especially in England, where he found an environment which positively embraced free thinking.
He also attracted the attention of Frederick the Great who offered protection and a regular income — although they did fall out later in life. Benjamin Franklin was a prolific American thinker, writer, inventor and founding father who constantly sailed back and forth between the American colonies and the Old World.
He was inspired by the ideals of the European Enlightenment and helped transport these ideas and concepts over to the New World.
He played an integral part in forming the new government of the United States of America and had a major hand in writing the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution that would form the bedrock of the newly-formed nation. Diderot became famous for writing one of the most important documents of the Enlightenment — the Encyclopedie , which was intended to pull together as much knowledge across all subjects and genres as possible.
He was a prolific writer, although many of his works went unpublished until his death. A radical thinker who believed in unshackling people from the confines of society, his polemic work entitled The Social Contract envisaged a world of direct democracy in which all citizens could have direct influence on the running of the state.
His work would inspire the leaders of the French Revolution, who used Rousseau as the philosophical backbone of the new republic. Sadly the revolution and republic born out of it turned out to be somewhat more brutal and ugly than Rousseau would have envisioned.
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