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We sell potential questions and answers that instructors and teachers based on when making exams and tests. All orders are kept anonymous and safe. We do not record not share client details for any reason. You get what you paid for securely and anonymously…. We implement instant payment and instant file delivery methods. This conditional statement fails in the case in which s is true and e is false. If we take d to be true as well, then both of our assumptions are true.
Therefore this conclusion is not valid. This does not follow from our assumptions. If we take d to be false, e to be true, and s to be false, then this proposition is false but our assumptions are true. We noted above that this validly follows from our assumptions.
The only case in which this is false is when s is false and both e and d are true. Therefore, in all cases in which the assumptions hold, this statement holds as well, so it is a valid conclusion. We must show that whenever we have two even integers, their sum is even. Suppose that a and b are two even integers. We must show that whenever we have an even integer, its negative is even.
Suppose that a is an even integer. This is true. We give a proof by contradiction. By Exercise 26, the product is rational. We give a proof by contraposition. If it is not true than m is even or n is even, then m and n are both odd. By Exercise 6, this tells us that mn is odd, and our proof is complete.
Assume that n is odd. But this is obviously not true. Therefore our supposition was wrong, and the proof by contradiction is complete.
Therefore the conditional statement is true. This is an example of a trivial proof, since we merely showed that the conclusion was true. Then we drew at most one of each color. This accounts for only two socks. But we are drawing three socks. Therefore our supposition that we did not get a pair of blue socks or a pair of black socks is incorrect, and our proof is complete. Since we have chosen 25 days, at least three of them must fall in the same month.
Since n is even, it can be written as 2k for some integer k. This is 2 times an integer, so it is even, as desired. So suppose that n is not even, i. This is 1 more than 2 times an integer, so it is odd. That completes the proof by contraposition. There are two things to prove. Now the only way that a product of two numbers can be zero is if one of them is zero. It is now clear that all three statements are equivalent.
We give direct proofs that i implies ii , that ii implies iii , and that iii implies i. These are therefore the only possible solutions, but we have no guarantee that they are solutions, since not all of our steps were reversible in particular, squaring both sides. Therefore we must substitute these values back into the original equation to determine whether they do indeed satisfy it. We claim that 7 is such a number in fact, it is the smallest such number.
The only squares that can be used to contribute to the sum are 0 , 1 , and 4. Thus 7 cannot be written as the sum of three squares. By Exercise 39, at least one of the sums must be greater than or equal to Example 1 showed that v implies i , and Example 8 showed that i implies v.
The cubes that might go into the sum are 1 , 8 , 27 , 64 , , , , , and We must show that no two of these sum to a number on this list. Having exhausted the possibilities, we conclude that no cube less than is the sum of two cubes. There are three main cases, depending on which of the three numbers is smallest. In the second case, b is smallest or tied for smallest.
Since one of the three has to be smallest we have taken care of all the cases. The number 1 has this property, since the only positive integer not exceeding 1 is 1 itself, and therefore the sum is 1. This is a constructive proof.
Therefore these two consecutive integers cannot both be perfect squares. This is a nonconstructive proof—we do not know which of them meets the requirement. In fact, a computer algebra system will tell us that neither of them is a perfect square.
Of these three numbers, at least two must have the same sign both positive or both negative , since there are only two signs.
It is conceivable that some of them are zero, but we view zero as positive for the purposes of this problem. The product of two with the same sign is nonnegative. In fact, a computer algebra system will tell us that all three are positive, so all three products are positive.
This shows, constructively, what the unique solution of the given equation is. Given r , let a be the closest integer to r less than r , and let b be the closest integer to r greater than r.
In the notation to be introduced in Section 2. We follow the hint. This is clearly always true, and our proof is complete. This is impossible with an odd number of bits. Clearly only the last two digits of n contribute to the last two digits of n2. So we can compute 02 , 12 , 22 , 32 ,. From that point on, the list repeats in reverse order as we take the squares from to , and then it all repeats again as we take the squares from to Thus our list which contains 22 numbers is complete.
Clearly there are no integer solutions to these equations, so there are no solutions to the original equation. One proof that 3 2 is irrational is similar to the proof that 2 is irrational, given in Example 10 in Section 1.
Thus p3 is even. Now we play the same game with q. Since q 3 is even, q must be even. We have now concluded that p and q are both even, that is, that 2 is a common divisor of p and q. The solution is not unique, but here is one way to measure out four gallons. Fill the 5-gallon jug from the 8-gallon jug, leaving the contents 3, 5, 0 , where we are using the ordered triple to record the amount of water in the 8-gallon jug, the 5-gallon jug, and the 3-gallon jug, respectively.
Pour the contents of the 3-gallon jug back into the 8-gallon jug, leaving 6, 2, 0. Without loss of generality, we number the squares from 1 to 25, starting in the top row and proceeding left to right in each row; and we assume that squares 5 upper right corner , 21 lower left corner , and 25 lower right corner are the missing ones. We argue that there is no way to cover the remaining squares with dominoes.
By symmetry we can assume that there is a domino placed in using the obvious notation. If square 3 is covered by , then the following dominoes are forced in turn: , , , , , and , and now no domino can cover square Therefore we must use along with If we use all of , , and , then we are again quickly forced into a sequence of placements that lead to a contradiction. Therefore without loss of generality, we can assume that we use , which then forces , , , , , , and , and we are stuck once again.
This completes the proof by contradiction that no placement is possible. The barriers shown in the diagram split the board into one continuous closed path of 64 squares, each adjacent to the next for example, start at the upper left corner, go all the way to the right, then all the way down, then all the way to the left, and then weave your way back up to the starting point. Because each square in the path is adjacent to its neighbors, the colors alternate. Therefore, if we remove one black square and one white square, this closed path decomposes into two paths, each of which starts in one color and ends in the other color and therefore has even length.
Clearly each such path can be covered by dominoes by starting at one end. This completes the proof. Supplementary Exercises 31 Therefore the same argument as was used in Example 22 shows that we cannot tile the board using straight triominoes if any one of those other 60 squares is removed. The following drawing rotated as necessary shows that we can tile the board using straight triominoes if one of those four squares is removed. Assume that 25 straight tetrominoes can cover the board.
Some will be placed horizontally and some vertically. Because there is an odd number of tiles, the number placed horizontally and the number placed vertically cannot both be odd, so assume without loss of generality that an even number of tiles are placed horizontally. Color the squares in order using the colors red, blue, green, yellow in that order repeatedly, starting in the upper left corner and proceeding row by row, from left to right in each row. Then it is clear that every horizontally placed tile covers one square of each color and each vertically placed tile covers either zero or two squares of each color.
It follows that in this tiling an even number of squares of each color are covered. But this contradicts the fact that there are 25 squares of each color. Therefore no such coloring exists. The truth table is as follows.
Since both knights and knaves claim that they are knights the former truthfully and the latter deceivingly , we know that A is a knave. Thus all three are knaves. If S is a proposition, then it is either true or false. Hence it has a true conclusion modus ponens , and so unicorns live.
But we know that unicorns do not live. It follows that S cannot be a proposition. The given statement tells us that there are exactly two elements in the domain. Therefore the statement will be true as long as we choose the domain to be anything with size 2 , such as the United States presidents named Bush. Let us assume the hypothesis. This means that there is some x0 such that P x0 , y holds for all y. Here is an example.
Supplementary Exercises 33 Let W r means that room r is painted white. Let I r, b mean that room r is in building b. Let L b, u mean that building b is on the campus of United States university u.
Then the statement is that there is some university u and some building on the campus of u such that every room in b is painted white. To say that there are exactly two elements that make the statement true is to say that two elements exist that make the statement true, and that every element that makes the statement true is one of these two elements.
More compactly, we can phrase the last part by saying that an element makes the statement true if and only if it is one of these two elements.
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