Most South Asians are now citizens of democratic states. There has been increased decentralization in political power.
These are important steps forward for a region characterized by diversity of religion, ethnicity, class, caste and language. Between the other countries, there is a constitutional monarchy, a traditional monarchy, and an interim military government, which has pledged to restore the democratic process in due course. This large majority of South Asians was given the opportunity to establish representative political systems only from onwards following the end of British rule.
It is therefore worth noting, that both Bangladesh and India are now democratically ruled, and Pakistan, now and then reverted to military rule after 11 years of elected governments, hopes to be heading back towards democracy in the near future. However, the main threat to the efficient working of these institutions is the pervasive inequalities that persist in South Asian societies, manifested through powerful elite groups which often use these institutions to serve their personal interests.
But the great importance of these fledgling local level institutions of governance should not be understated— they are the critical link between the power structure and the citizen. Poverty, violence and lack of political participation have been identified as issues of special concern to South Asian women South Asia stands at the Crossroads between Hope and Despair The political history of South Asia in the post-independence era has been a turbulent one. Currently, South Asia can boast of two long-standing democracies—including the worlds largest—and one recently established democracy.
It is therefore worth noting, that both Bangladesh and India are now democratically ruled, and Pakistan, having recently reverted to military rule after 11 years of elected governments, hopes to be heading back towards democracy in the near future. Upon complex systems of religion and culture, the customs and laws that govern marriage and divorce, guardianship and adoption, and inheritance and property in South Asia are highly discriminatory.
The legal terrain of South Asia— determined by the religious and cultural practices of several communities, and overlain by traditions of European jurisprudence—is particularly treacherous for women. Women suffer limited access to the legal system due to lack of education, low social status and limitations on their public mobility.
Equality Anti-discrimination and Effectiveness of Government Initiatives The legal system as it is practiced in the region is heavily biased against women and often victimizes rather than protects them. The first order of business is to bring the moral pressure of the global community on these reluctant nations to accept the basic tenets of legal equality for women.
Most women do not have equal rights in the realm of separation and divorce. In India, the National Commission on Women has drafted a Bill to provide for a secular law on marriage applicable to all communities. However, these efforts are often viewed with suspicion by women activists, particularly those from minority communities, as an effort to force minorities to conform to the value system of the majority.
The absence of consensus among women activists themselves encourages governments to renege on the commitments they have undertaken to introduce legal reform in line with their own Constitutions and treaty obligations in international human rights law. Arguments on respect for pluralism must not be used to discourage governments from developing this body of law further by enacting secular civil codes that reflect the commitments of the Constitution and international human rights treaties and standards.
The concept of limited choice in governing family relations according to these codes can be incorporated so as to recognize the right of those governed by personal laws to adhere to some norms in their religious and ethnic laws. While the Indian democratic state is committed to the protection of individual rights within the context of citizenship, a closer look at how it operates for the women reveals that these rights are not accessible in the public and private spheres in their full potential to all the women in India.
The evolution of Indian democracy through the 14 general elections so far has reflected a low representation of women in Parliament, State legislatures, in political parties and other decision-making bodies. Liberty, Equality of Status and of Opportunity and Fraternity assuring dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the Nation. In addition, the State is under obligation, as per the Directive Principles of State Policy to provide enabling conditions and secure minimum standards to its citizens, in furtherance of the fundamental rights.
And, in accordance with its principles, the Government has undertaken many initiatives — legislative and executive policies, schemes and programs towards this. The under representation of women in the political sphere is inextricably linked with the low and inferior status of women in society in India especially in the context of the declining sex ratio Table 1 , increasing violence and crimes against women and their marginalized status in employment, education and health sectors.
Human Development in South Asia The comparative position of genderrelated development index GDI reveals that among countries, India ranks th, indicating its very low gender-equity status as evident from the Table below. Incidents of physical violence against women are increasingly mentioned in the media, but rarely within the context of larger processes of gender discrimination.
Institutionalized violence against women is investigated, rather than individual incidents of violence. Further, The Constitution of India is based on the principles of equality and guarantees equality before law and equal protection to all its citizens. It not only guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms, but also prohibits discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex, and place of birth. However, these rights have remained de jure and have not been translated into de facto rights.
As such, women have been denied social, economic, civil and political rights in many spheres. An important area where women have been inadequately represented is in the political sphere. Articles and of the Constitution of India guarantee political equality- equal right to participation in political activities and right to vote respectively.
While the latter has been accessed, exercised and enjoyed by a large number of women, the former i. Lack of space for participation in political bodies has not only resulted in their presence in meager numbers in these decision making bodies but also in the neglect of their issues and experiences in policy making.
Governance relates to a set of rules, institutions, and values that are involved in the management of state and society. Governance institutions and processes include political parties, parliaments, government and their interactions with society. Liberal democracy is founded on reason, law, and freedom of choice but the position of different social groups in the social and political space where power is located is not always equal in practice.
This is particularly so in the case of women. Notions of democracy, governance and the state are often not gender neutral constructs but result from both historical factors and experiences. The state and its organizational entities reflect the same social forces as other social organizations. The limited nature of female participation and representation in national decision making institutions has important consequences for women and for the legitimacy of the institutions.
If this is not the case, it signifies deep flaws within the political system. Year Total I 22 4. Table below presents the participation of women in the two houses of the Parliament. Women and the Law Ibid. Batliawalla, Srilatha, B.
Publications of Lok Sabha Secretariat, Publications of Rajya Sabha Secretariat, Agarwal, A. Baxi, U. Beteille, A. Chandhoke, N. Geetha, V. Gender, Stree Publications, Kolkata. Guha, R. Environmental History of India, University of California. Haragopal, G. Menon, N. Patel, S. Rao, A.
Shah, G. Shah, N. The present study deals with the comparison between Uttar Pradesh and Uttrakhand college going students to know their attitude towards dowry system. Sample of students has been taken 50 from U. Survey method was used. Dowry attitude scale developed by Dr.
Sharma used as a tool. Significant difference has been found in the attitude of U. Introduction Dowry system has historical background. Although it is not clear, it is very ancient. It is present in the age of Rama and Krishna. There is reference of this practice in Manu Smriti.
Dowry system in India Marriages can be called the commercial aspect of the marriage. The practice of giving dowry was very common among all people of all nations. Upon marriage, daughter are given all modern household gadgetry as dowry such as furniture, crockery, electrical appliances in recent years refrigerators, television etc. The ritual of Kanya-dana is an essential aspect in Hindu marital rites.
Dowry deaths of a newly married bride are still regularly in the news. Although the practice of dowry exists in many countries, it has assumed the proportion of a challenge to the forces of modernity and change only in India.
With every wife of an inferior rank, a Brahmin of the better class receives rich dowry. According to government figures, young women are killed every year because their families are unable to meet their grooms demands. To know the attitude of college going students towards dowry system.
To compare the attitude of male and female college going students towards dowry system. To compare the attitude of rural and urban college going students towards dowry system. Hypotheses 1. The college going students have negative attitude towards dowry system. The male and female college going students do not differ significantly on dowry attitude scale.
There is no significant difference between the attitude of rural and urban college going students towards dowry system. Delimitations of the Study 1. The study is conducted on college going students of U. The sample of the present investigation was 50 students 25 boys and 25 girls from 3. Uttar Pradesh and 50 students 25 boys and 25 girls from Uttrakhand state.
The required data is collected from selected colleges of U. Research Method The present study is survey in nature. Survey studies are conducted to collect data of the exiting phenomena. It deals not only merely gathering of data but also involves interpretation, comparison, measurement and understanding of solution of dowry system problems. In the present investigation survey method was used to study the attitude of college going students towards dowry system.
Sampling Keeping in the view the limited sources, time, money and practical difficulty a limited sample consists college going students 50 boys and 50 girls was selected from U. College Wise List of the Students S. State Name of Colleges No. College, Pithoragarh 25 Girls 2. Uttrakhand S. Campus, Almora 25 Boys Total Students A convenient purposive method of sampling was followed in selecting the sample.
Variables of the Study The following variables were thought to be important in this contact. Name of the Set Element of the Set 1. Dowry System D. Attitude 2. Demographic variable I. Sharma Garhwal U. The DAS contains 52 items out of which 35 are positive and 17 are negative.
Each items is to be rated on 5 point scale. The Reliability of DAS was determined firstly by split half method and the value was found to be.
In case of validity the value of coefficient of correlation was found to be. Analysis and Interpretation of Data Keeping in view the objectives of present study, the collected data was analyzed and interpreted.
As per the objectives of this study, attitude of boys and girls towards dowry system compared state wise that is for U. The detail is given as below : 1. Standard deviation of college going students towards dowry system. N Mean Median Mode S. In other words we can say that the college going students have positive attitude towards dowry systems. The attitude of the students of U. So the framed null hypothesis is rejected that the attitude of the students of U.
It means that U. So, the framed null hypothesis is accepted that the male and female college going students do not differ significantly on dowry attitude scale. It means that male and female college going students of Uttrakhand have more or less same attitude towards dowry system. State towards dowry system.
So the framed null hypothesis is rejected that the male and female college going students do not differ significantly on dowry attitude scale. It means that the male and female college going students have less or more significant attitude towards dowry system.
So the framed null hypothesis is accepted that there is no significant difference between the attitude of rural and urban college going students towards dowry system. It means that rural and urban college going students have more or less same attitude towards dowry system. Findings On the basis of analysis of data, the following findings may be drawn : 1.
The college going students of U. It means that they have attitude in favour of dowry system. The male and female college going students of Uttrakhand state do not differ significantly on dowry attitude scale. It means that they have more or less same attitude towards dowry system.
The male and female college going students of U. There is no significant difference between the attitude of rural and urban college going students of Uttrakhand towards dowry system. There is no significant difference between the attitude of rural and urban college going students of U. Conclusion On the basis of the analysis of above study, it may be conclude that U. On the other hand both rural and urban college going students of U. Dowry system is a system which disrupts the harmony in society.
This system has its root in the Psyche of society. That is why, it is very difficult to find out its solution to remove. For its eradication, a lot of research work and awareness programme shown be carried out. The college going students are such youth whose attitude towards dowry system accounts significant factor in the promotion and demotion of it. Dowry has spurred a flowering of sharp thinking about the economic and sociology of dowry and marriage payments more broadly.
From a practical and policy-making perspective, however, the question of the existence of dowry paid is critical. We suggest that researcher should do more to understand the significant determinant of dowry. This world provides useful guidance to manager and executives. We recommended that much work remains to be done to find out in term of developing a suitable equation of dowry system and empirically testing our proposition.
Encourage other scholars to continue the important work being done in this area. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to explore the attitude of college going students against dowry system. So as to seen the various reason of its.
The result might be useful for social scientists to know the causative factors of the attitude of dowry system and it may be fruitful for counseling college going students against dowry system to promote harmony in society. To promote equity, equality and justice in the society, the policy makers and planners as well as administrators can emphasize the importance of this study.
A survey of attitudes towards dowry in the scheduled castes and the backward classes in some areas of Delhi. June 5, Ahmed Dr. Anderson, S. Why dowry payments declined with modernization in Europe but are rising in India.
Journal of Political Economy. Birge, B. Women, property and confusion reaction in Sung and Yuan China Cambridge University Pres. Dowry Murder Menski, W. Legal strategies for curbing the Dowry Problem.
In Werner, M Ed. Vistarr Publications. Naved, R. Retrieved 29 September, Nirmala, M. Attitude of youth towards the dowry system in and around Madurai, M. Srinivasan, P. Suran et al. Population Council. Working Paper.. Does Dowry Improve the life for Brides?
Retrieved 3 September, Data relating to life-style was collected through a questionnaire specifically prepared for understanding of various aspect of life style of the subjects. The information collected under following heads: a Place and Environment ,Work status, Marital status, Quality of life, Neighbors, Friends, Housing arrangement, Exercise habit, Social life, Mood, Environment and lifestyle b Socio-economic condition Educational background earnings. Introduction Life-style is essentially the way we chase to live on the surface level, it is a social commentary on contemporary life-style, entertainment, values and work ethic.
Indeed much attention has been paid to this aspect of life-style within the last few years. Own life-style leads us down a road towards illness. In fact the two major causes of death, heart disease and cancer, are products of lifestyle choice and habits. The fact is that certain fundamental life-style choices ultimately dictate health and longevity for each of us. These choices includesi Diet — what and how much etc. These are the controllable aspect of life-style that counts, either for or against good health.
The ill effect of bad diet lack of exercise stress and smoking are cumulative and interconnected. In the final analysis, ill health is not isolated event but the result of an accumulation of abuse, each a seemingly inconsequently life-style decision. The effect of poor life-style decision is to promote heart disease by injuring the coronary arteries, causing strain on the heart and elevating then levels of cholesterol and other fats to produce on imbalance in the blood chemistry.
Environment Environment may be broadly understood to mean our surroundings. It can be divided into non-living and living components. The Environment provides resources which support life on the earth and which also help in the growth of a relationship of interchange between living organisms and the environment in which they live. It is important to realize that humans enjoy a unique position in nature due to their exceptional ability to influence and mould the environment.
It has been generally believed that nature is what man has not made. In our discussion environment and nature have been used a synonym, which incorporate most of the visible manifestation of geography.
Similarly, there are several vantage points from where environment has been studied and most of us follow a complex combination of these methods. There are ecologists who are primarily biological scientists and focus on relationships between environment and the living being in general.
Another set of scientists generally termed as environmental scientists try to examine the functioning of the earth and the nature of human interactions with it.
Quality of Life Perhaps the most important aspect of living that we sometimes take for granted is the quality of life that we receive by living and working where we do. Even our capability to walk safety down a street is something that some countries may lack.
Identifying areas with the highest quality of life offers an important view of cities and countries, while proving information for those happing to relocate. This is especially handy in the case of a country considering many countries have varying degrees of production, differing resources and distinctive conflicts and problems within them. The GDP is the amount of goods and services produced within a country annually and are typically a good indication of the amount of money flowing in and out of the country.
The idea is that the more money we have the better off we are. Methodology All the subject of this study was selected from urban area. There was one group of subject and consisted of 60 middle aged citizen. Kalyani, District- Nadia, W. Subject Sex No. Criteria Measured : Health status was the criteria. Data on health status was collected through a set of questionnaire prepared in consultation with experts and supervisor and on the basis of available literature.
Procedure for administering the tests: The following procedures were maintained for the proper administration of the tests. Measurement of personal data: For measuring height, weight and age the standard procedure were followed. Life-style habits: Data relating to life-style was collected through a questionnaire specifically prepared for understanding of various aspect of life style of the subjects.
The information collected under following heads: a Place and Environment b Work status c Marital status d Quality of life e Neighbors f Friends Housing arrangement g Exercise habit h Social life i Mood j Environment and life.
Socio-economic Condition : Educational background earnings. Statistical Procedure : Appropriate statistical treatment i. Environment : Table 1. Work Culture Variable Work Status. Family Life : Table 6. Table 7. Table 8. Quality of Life : Variables Standard of living.
Table 9. Table Neighbors and their Accompaniment : Table Friends and their Accompaniment : Table Housing Arrangement : Variable Size. Exercise Habits : Variable Regular Exercise. Social Life : Variable Social activeness. Mood : Variable Mood most days. Socio-Economic Condition : The relevant data related to socio-economic conditions are presented in Table 23 and The educational background, economic dependencies are discussed under socioeconomic condition.
Conclusion a. On Socio-Economic Conditions : A. Bortz, W. Sri Ramakrishna, was a Bengali mystic who had a huge impact on the development of modern Hinduism.
His chief disciple, Swami Vivekananda, not only helped revive Hinduism in India, but also introduced Hinduism to the West. Ramakrishna was a non-dualist worshipper of the Goddess Kali. However, he also experimented with Christianity and Islam, and repeatedly preached the diversity of paths to God. This is the story of Ramakrishna told first-hand as a series of days and nights spent with his disciples and lay followers.
Last week, around 30, people downloaded books from my site - 9 people donated. I love offering these books for free, but need some support to continue doing so. Islam is against idol worship. Whatever be our religious affiliation, we have to live in amity with others who belong to other religions. All of us belong to the same human species. Man is only one among one million animal species, and therefore, a human birth is a rare privilege and a gift of God.
Samuel Huntington has written a book on Clash of civilizations - between Christians and Moslems. Dr David Frawley has written a book on Hinduism and Clash of civilizations. Mazmudar has written a voluminous book on Unity of religions, showing the similarity and congruence in many aspects. Three scholars are trying to prove that Jesus was in India during the 16 years — a period for which there is no record in the West.
Some archeologists believe that India was the cradle of civilizations in 10, BC. They have shown several Sanskrit words for which similar words exist in all parts of the world. Movements for Inter-religious Harmony suggest that religions can learn from others and strengthen their own religions and convictions.
India is the right place for such a movement. Sathya Sai Baba, Amrithanandamayi and several monks have followers from all religions. Without leaving their faith in essence, all could learn about the common features of other religions. Rationality, rather than blind faith and superstition ought to guide mankind. Slowly over time, Spirituality and Ethics, Science and Rationality would triumph over narrow sectarianism, and make the Planet shine with Love and Brotherhood.
I have great pleasure to write a message to the souvenir whose objective is to bring peoples together. Prayer is common to all religions. Let all of us pray to the Lord of the Universe to give us wisdom and competence to follow his ideals and aims so that this world of humans, animals and nature can live in harmony. Related Papers Docslide.
Swe-urgel By Meloudy Uy. World Religions By faizan khan. The men who play their part here are not neophytes: they are already ripe scholars, BU M8 1. TO MRS. Among all the disciples of Swami Vivekananda, Sister Nivedita occupies pride of place. Apart from educating women, Nivedita wrote valuable treatises on Hindu thought and Indian culture, inspiring nationalist sentiment and unity.
Gokhale and Aurobindo Ghosh; and inspired Abanindranath Tagore to create a painting that eventually became the iconic Bharat Mata. In the Complete Works of Sister Nivedita in five volumes , comprising the illuminating lectures, writings, articles, books, and epistles etc, of the author, we find the author's marvelous intellect, her lyrical powers of expression, the intensity with which she held her beliefs and convictions, her capacity to see the soul of things straightaway, and above all, her love for India that overflowed all bounds.
Her deep study of Indian literature combined with her keen intellect, a large heart and a comprehensive mind, helped her to understand India as a whole. This publication by Advaita Ashrama, a publication house of Ramakrishna Math, Belur Math, India, stands as one of the best appraisal of India by a western mind.
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